Antigone Tragic Hero Essay Essay Essay Example

Antigone Tragic Hero Essay Essay Paper Most Grecian calamities were based on myths and consisted of a series of dramatic episodes mixed with a chorus who commented on the dramatic action or analyzed the form of events. The function of a tragic hero was critical to the tragic dramas. Sophocles argues that a tragic hero is a character who possesses six specific traits. A tragic hero must be of baronial stature. can non be perfect. their ruin most be their mistake. their bad luck is non entirely deserved. the autumn is non a entire loss. and has a moral intent. Therefore. Creon is the tragic hero in Antigone because he is of baronial stature. posses character defects. and his autumn is non an full loss. We will write a custom essay sample on Antigone Tragic Hero Essay Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Antigone Tragic Hero Essay Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Antigone Tragic Hero Essay Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Creon is the brother of Jocasta. who was the married woman and female parent of Oedipus. who was the male monarch of Thebes. He becomes swayer of Thebes after the s of Oedipus’ two boies. Eteocles and Polynices in the recent civil war. In his address to the people guaranting the citizens that order and safety have returned to Thebes he says. â€Å"I now posses the throne and all its powers† ( line 194. page 67 ) . This transition easy shows that Creon is the swayer of Thebes because it says that he posses the throne which is a ownership of the male monarch. This shows that Creon is of baronial stature. which is one of the necessities of a tragic hero. Throughout the whole drama Creon exhibits that he is imperfect. Creon is really obstinate every bit good as ignorant. which consequences in his many jobs all through the drama. In his difference with Haemon over the destiny of Antigone he says. % –show me a greater offense in all the Earth! She. she destroys metropoliss. rend up houses. interrupt the ranks of spearmen into hasty mob. But the 1s who last it out. the great mass of them owe their lives to train. Therefore we must support the work forces who live by jurisprudence. neer allow some adult female victory over us. Better to fall from power. if autumn we must. at the custodies of a man–never be rated inferior to a adult female. neer ( lines 751-761 page 94 ) . † The word % † fundamentally means â€Å"without a leader. † He makes it sound as if he may be talking about Antigone. Creon looks at as the ineluctable effect when insubordination of the jurisprudence is left with impunity. This extract vividly shows how Creon is really obstinate and nescient. He refuses to see that adult female play a major function in society. He merely views them as objects. He visions adult female as a menace to masculine high quality and he will halt at nil to debar this from go oning. His refusal to let Antigone to travel free finally consequences in the of his boy and his married woman. This shows that Creon is imperfect. which is besides one of the demands of a tragic hero. By the terminal of the drama. after the of his married woman and boy. Creon additions some self-knowledge and learns from what he has done. After Creon learns of the of his married woman and boy he says. â€Å"Ohhh. so mindless. so insane†¦ my offenses. my obstinate. ly— Expression at us. the slayer. the killed. male parent and boy. the same —the wretchedness! My programs. my huffy overzealous bosom. my boy. cut off so immature! Ai. . lost to the universe. Not through you stupidity. no. my ain ( line 1395-1400. page 124 ) . † This citation from the drama illustrates that Creon realizes that his obstinacy and folly is the cause of all of this chaos. Creon now understands that his defects resulted in his family’s. He so goes on to state. â€Å"Oh I’ve learned through and cryings ( line 1405-1406. page 124 ) . † This shows that he has learned his lesson so the of his household is non a complete loss because now he is cognizant of the fact t hat it is because of his obstinacy and stupidity that this occurred. This shows that Creon’s autumn is now a pure loss. which is every bit good. a status of a tragic hero. Creon is the tragic hero in Antigone because he is of baronial stature. posses character defects. and his autumn is non an full loss. These defects finally are what leads Creon to his death and to the of his married woman and boy. In Antigone there were legion subjects. One of the subjects is pride and its consequence on the characters. Both Antigone and Creon are extremely proud. doing it impossible for either one of them to endorse down one time they have taken a place on something. This character defect leads to their ruin. In modern-day times. we can associate this type of tragic hero to powerful figures like Donald Rumsfeld. who does non hesitate from his places until others have paid a heavy monetary value for his pride. Another subject is Moral Law vs. Human Law. This is shown when Antigone’s scruples influences her to bury her brother. which conflicts with Creons jurisprudence of the province. It’s a determination of whether ethical motives should be placed abov e the human jurisprudence. A semi-modern illustration of this can be seen in World War II where the soldiers had to make up ones mind between their ethical motives or the determination of the province in the s of the Jews. The 3rd and concluding cardinal subject is the place of adult female. This is brought up several times in Antigone. Creon feels that adult female are low-level to work forces and should neer be placed every bit high as work forces. This is besides apparent in present times because even now adult females do non hold the same chances as work forces do although adult females have come a long manner in merely this century. There will ever be tragic heroes in any society. They are normally high-profile people who rise and autumn in the public oculus. Hopefully. those of us who watch their narratives unfold can larn from their experiences by debating the virtues of the determinations a erstwhile hero made to render him/her tragic. The presence of a tragic hero is apparent in modern society because even now we have people who are illustrations of tragic hero’s.

6 Entry-Level Biology Jobs to Explore

6 Entry-Level Biology Jobs to Explore So you majored in biology. The good news is, you’ll have a ton of job prospects in a variety of different fields: research, technology, education, business- and much more. All you need to do is figure out how to set yourself up with something entry-level that will get you where you inevitably want to go. If you’ve chosen not to specialize and go for post-graduate studies in a particular field of biology, then you’ll be looking at an entry-level median salary around $51k.Here are a few good first gigs to consider.Biologist TechnicianMedian pay: $37k. You’ll use a ton of the skills you’ve just cultivated in your undergrad career, analyzing data, doing tests and experiments, working with a team of other techs reporting to a biologist in charge. These jobs are available in healthcare, research, pharmaceutical, university, and RD settings- and require only the skills you already have plus attention to detail and data and the ability to work well on a tea m.Conservation ScientistMedian pay: $62k. The environment is going to be a major consideration in the next few decades. You might as well be on the side of the angels. Collect samples and perform analysis, and get to spend some great QT in the great outdoors.NutritionistMedian pay: $45k. You might not think of this immediately as a dream career, but you’re well equipped to help people make wise choices when it comes to what they eat. Apply what you’ve learned about the human body and its environment to help people become healthier. If you find you like it, you can get certified or pursue post-graduate study in nutrition and set yourself up with an excellent career.High School Biology TeacherMedian pay: $56k. Work in public, private, religious, or charter schools. As long as you have the communication skills and patience necessary to teach, you can just stay in your biology happy place forever.Medical/Clinical Lab TechMedian pay: $59k. This job outlook is about as fast in growth as the average, and you can take your pick of work environment: hospitals, medical and diagnostic labs, doctors’ offices, and academic environments. You’ll want to cultivate physical stamina, as well as good attention to detail, technology, and data.Pharmaceutical Sales RepMedian pay: $75k. If you have great people skills and stamina and don’t feel like being cooped up in a lab all day, this might be the gig for you. Your knowledge of biology will take you far. Your sales abilities will take you farther.All that said, your biology major actually sets you up with an incredibly versatile skill set. You’ve learned to conduct experiments from scratch, observe phenomena, test hypotheses, draw conclusions, analyze data, synthesize your findings into reports, papers, and presentations, and to interpret others’ work. You’ve also learned valuable analysis and critical thinking skills that will serve you well no matter where you end up.You s hould also consider going into different fields such as Genetics, Agriculture, Botany, Biomedical Engineering, Research, Medicine, Animal science, even Education. Just remember to pick something that you see yourself loving doing five years down the line and you’ll be fine.

Dentify and analyse some of the main ways in which stories are Assignment

Dentify and analyse some of the main ways in which stories are selected by news organisations and Outline and analyse the claim - Assignment Example News about disasters follows a predictable pattern i.e. early reports and late reports. Early reports are dependent on the inconclusive information about the event from the witnesses on the severity of the disaster. Later stories offer more conclusive and newsworthy details on the event and occur after several days (Schlesinger, 1987). Created news is more frequent that unpredicted news. These emanates from the behaviour of an individual or an organization committing a certain act in a bid to seek publicity. For instance, the public relations official may participate in the process of news making to seek publicity. Enterprise news is created when the reporters engage in acting rather than reacting to disaster reporting. Enterprise news is common with investigative reporting. The regular sources of news can be summarised into the news net, institutional sources such as news beat, pre-selection of events such as the case of news diary and manufactured news such as the public relations events. A piece of information should be newsworthy for it to be published. According to Lester M. (2002) and Galtung & Ruge, (1965), the newsworthiness of a story is determined by news values. The first is impact whereby a story is more newsworthy if it appeals to a greater number of people. Timelessness is also crucial whereby more recent stories are more newsworthy compared to old pieces of information. However, timelessness is also relative as an event could have occurred in the past but realized lately. Occurrences based on prominence are also newsworthy. For instance, stories related top prominent individuals such as celebrities or powerful personalities appeal to the masses. Proximity of the news article to the audience attracts their interest. Proximity can be gauged either geographically or depending on the expected expectations and interest of the public. The bizarreness of a piece of news article attracts the attention of the public. Popular stories among the public are t hose related to conflict or controversy. News currency promotes newsworthiness whereby an idea whose time has come attracts the attention of the audience. The idea assumes a life of its own and captures the public imagination for some time. The final key consideration is the human interests whereby most people are interested in those stories that are possess an amusing theme. Other factors that determine the news worthiness of a news article include competition; commercial or profession competition of the media may affect the journalists’ endorsement on the value of news given to an article by a rival. For instance, Philo and Berry (2004) portends that the media coverage of the conflicts in Israel was based on competition among the media channels that obtained their news anyhow with some based on false hood. Another factor is time constraints for instance, traditional news media such as radios have strict deadlines and short production periods implying that they are efficient in the coverage of news that can be researched and reported hastily. Logistics is also a determining factor that determines the availability of global communications and functionality of technical or financial resources that determines whether a story will be covered or not. The final process in the selection process is gate keeping i.e. the way in which information is filtered for dissemination. Gate keeping provides the

Apple Employee Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple Employee Training - Essay Example As per January 2014, the company had over 400 retail stores in more than 15 countries and an online store whereby hardware and software products are sold. However, despite the incredible growth the company has experienced over time, the is a pressing need to keep on training its employees in various departments in order to have a competitive edge over its close rivals like Microsoft, Dell, Samsung, Acer, Lenovo among other global technological giants. In the past, Apple Incorporation has been using a distribution channel that involved intermediaries in this case being authorized dealers. This strategy had proven to be a good idea in most parts of the world and particularly in the past when the company was under leadership of Steve Jobs. However, of late, the strategy has started backfiring as its close rivals adopt other strategies that are highly outdoing the company’s operations. One weakness that this channel of distribution has created is the fact that dealers do not know much about Apple products hence are completely unable to meet the requirements of the customers; they are unable to answer technical questions relating to the products (Apple, 2014). This has ended up making the company start opening its own physical and online stores in order to retain its market share in this competitive wave. As a result, the company requires training of cashiers, public relation personnel in their different stores, managers among human resources. Moreover, the company is under threat of being technologically dormant, a gap that is being created by the fact that its co-founder and a techno genius Steve Jobs is no longer in the management. This has made the company focus on training ambitious young persons in order to fill the gap that was created in hope that they will get another genius. However, this paper will focus on employees training with relation to public relation personnel, cashiers and other positions that

Case Study#5 Let the Committee Decide Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#5 Let the Committee Decide - Case Study Example However, in any learning institution the decisions are vital since they impact the learners, teachers and community (P.2, L.24). Principals, often don’t advocate the model since it leaves only a few people within the school committee with the power to make decisions that affect the entire administration. According to them, this initiative directly undermines the principles administrative role, limits creativity and general commitment. Possible perceived advantages of dividing administrative functions into organizational units include: allowing for more targeted governance within the organizational divisions. The division of responsibilities will guarantee accountability and efficiency in administrative roles. As well as provide an opportunity in measuring individual performance of the appointed management. The cons of dividing administrative funding include less self-sustainability - in that smaller sections often tend to face challenges in regards to human and natural resource available to carry out the organizational tasks. Since, they are still dependent on the central body for regular funds and resources. They are also known to affect the unity since some of the management, divisions and distributions of resources choices are bias, and this will ultimately affect unity and lead to in fights. The perceived advantages of committee panel making administrative decisions include the commonly identified aspect of automatically gaining access to the accumulative group knowledge which results in an advantage to the organization. In addition, it makes the decisions more professional and due to its participative nature can contribute to the general satisfaction of the teachers. On the other hand, the perceived disadvantages with using committees for decision making include. The members tend to shift towards extreme or exaggerated decisions, in that person acting as a committee often seem to make decisions that individuals

Evaluation of theories and practices of Councelling

Evaluation of theories and practices of Councelling Discuss two approaches, evaluate their theory and practice. Which approach is your preference and why? Counselling has been defined by the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP, 2009) as talking therapy, which involves a contractual arrangement between the therapist and the client where they meet, in privacy and confidence, to explore a difficulty or distress the client may be experiencing (p. 1). It works through the development of a therapeutic relationship whereby the counsellor actively and attentively listens to the client in order to gain insight and understanding into the difficulties the client is confronted with, from the clients perspective. Using different techniques, the counsellor can try to help the client to work through these difficulties, to understand them, and to solve them or accept them, depending on what the difficulties are. Importantly, counselling does not work by the provision of advice or direction; instead, the counsellor helps the client to gain mastery in directing their own lives. Counselling can be short-term or long-term, as well as individual or provided to families, couples, or organisations (Coren, 2001). Counselling techniques and methods will vary according to the approach or theoretical basis from which a counsellor works. Examples of different approaches to counselling include cognitive-behavioural therapy, solution-focused counselling, art therapy, person-centred counselling, psychodynamic counselling, and trauma therapy. A counsellor might adopt one approach within all of their work or take an eclectic approach whereby the theoretical framework adopted depends on the client (e.g. their age) or the problem (e.g. depression, phobia). The two counselling approaches discussed within this essay are person-centred counselling and cognitive-behavioural therapy. The theory underlying these approaches will be outlined, followed by examples of techniques used, and evidence of efficacy. Person-centred counselling, also known as client-centred or Rogerian counselling, is a humanistic approach to counselling founded by Carl Rogers in the 1950s (Rogers, 1951). The approach is based on the assumption that human beings are experts of themselves and that they have access to their own innate expert resources of self-understanding and self-direction. The role of the counsellor is thus to provide a facilitative environment and relationship for the client to find these resources within themselves. In order to provide this facilitative environment and relationship, the counsellor basis their interactions with the client on three key principles: 1) They are congruent (genuine) with the client, which can involve the counsellor showing their own human traits through appropriate and well-timed personal disclosure. This contrasts many other approaches to counselling, which tend to promote a more formal relationship between counsellor and client. 2) They provide unconditional positive regard, even if a client divulges something that the counsellor disagrees with; the counsellor remains accepting and caring of the client. Rogers believed this was important for clients to grow and reach their full potential. 3) They express  empathy (the ability to understand what the client is feeling) and  understanding towards the client. By providing empathy, the clients feelings are validated, which can be an important part of moving through and beyond those feelings. These three key principles demonstrate how the primary focus in person-centred counselling is the relationship between the counsellor and client. The person-centred counsellor seeks to establish a trusting relationship with the client in whom the client can gradually confront anxieties, confusion and other negative emotions. Central to person-centred counselling is the notion of self-concept, which refers to the perceptions and beliefs the client holds about themselves. The self-concept is influenced by an individuals experience of the world and comprises three components: Self-worth (self-esteem) thoughts about the self, which develop in early childhood and from experiences with parents or guardians. Self-image perceptions of the self, including body image, which can influence personality. Ideal self the self a person would like to be, including goals and ambitions. The  self-concept  is not necessarily consistent with how others view the client, as is the case in people with low self-esteem or conditions such as body dysmorphic disorder (characterised by perceived defects in physical appearance). Rogers based person-centred counselling the assumption that all human beings are seeking a positive self-concept (self-actualisation). It is this innate motivation towards self-fulfilment that is nurtured during person-centred counselling, with the emphasis again being on the clients own resources. Rogers has been criticised for having an overly optimistic view of human beings (Chantler, 2004), as well as focusing too much on a clients ideal self without considering whether this ideal self is realistic (Wilkins, 2003). However, despite this criticism, there is strong evidence supporting the efficacy of the person-centred approach, including a UK-based meta-analysis of scientific studies (Elliot and Freire, 2008). This meta-analysis demonstrated large pre- and post- changes in therapeutic outcomes that were maintained in the long-term. Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) was founded in the 1960s by Aaron Beck when he observed that during counselling sessions, his clients tended to have an internal dialogue that was often negative and self-defeating. Furthermore, this internal dialogue was observed to influence behaviour. This led to the hypothesis that changing these internal dialogues would lead to changes in behaviour. Thus, CBT focuses on the thoughts, images, beliefs and attitudes held by the client and how these relate to the clients behaviour or way of dealing with emotional problems. CBT takes a problem-solving approach to counselling, where the client and counsellor work collaboratively to understand problems and to develop strategies for tackling them. Clients are taught by counsellors, through guidance and modelling, a new set of skills that they can utilise when confronted with a particular problem. These skills are often focused on reframing negative self-talk in an effort to change ones interpretation of the problem. An event is not necessarily the problem, but more so the individuals interpretation of the event. CBT focuses on the present rather than the past, but does examine how self-defeating thinking patterns might have been formed in early childhood and the impact patterns of thinking might have on how the world is interpreted in the present, as an adult. These patterns of thinking can then be challenged by the counsellor and altered to fit the present. Taking a problem-solving approach means that CBT can offer effective outcomes in relatively short periods of time, most often 3-6 months. As an example, interpersonal psychotherapy for eating disorders has been found to take 8-12 weeks longer than CBT in order to achieve comparable outcomes (Agras et al., 2000). This is an obvious advantage the CBT approach has over other forms of counselling, making it a popular technique and the leading treatment for some mental health issues, such as bulimia (Wilson, Grilo, and Vitousek, 2007). The technique has even been incorporated into health interventions designed to assist overweight and obese individuals in losing weight (Wylie-Rosett et al., 2001) and to facilitate smoking cessation initiatives (Sussman, Ping, and Dent, 2006). CBT differs from other counselling approaches in that sessions have a structure, rather than the person talking freely about whatever comes to mind. At the beginning of counselling, the client meets the counsellor so that they can collaboratively set therapeutic goals to work towards. These goals then become the basis for planning the content of sessions as well as for assigning homework between sessions. The reason for having this structure is that it helps to use the therapeutic time efficiently and ensures that important information is not overlooked. Homework between sessions enables the client to practice and gain mastery in new skills with the opportunity to discuss any problems encountered in the next session. The counsellor takes a more active role at the beginning of counselling and as skills are mastered and the client grasps the principles they find helpful, the client is encouraged to take more responsibility for the content of sessions. The aim is that when the therapeut ic relationship comes to an end, the client is sufficiently empowered to continue working  independently. CBT also differs from other approaches in the nature of the relationship between counsellor and client. Some counselling approaches encourage the client to depend on the counsellor, as part of the treatment process, in an effort to build trust. CBT favours a more equal relationship that is more formal, problem-focused and practical. Such a relationship has been coined by Beck as collaborative empiricism, which emphasises the importance of client and counsellor working together to test out how the ideas behind CBT might apply to the clients individual circumstances (Beck, et al., 1979, Chap. 3). As demonstrated, patient-centred counselling and CBT are very different approaches to counselling, both in terms of structure and the role of the counsellor. In terms of preference, it could be argued that both are valuable, effective approaches to counselling. Evidence shows that they both work and thus preference would be better decided with consideration of the client and their individual needs. Whilst person-centred counselling might be preferable for a client with trust issues or who requires extensive examination of past trauma, CBT might be preferable for someone with an immediate problem or phobia to solve or someone whose problems are primarily governed by negative self-talk. Since CBT works with cognitions and behaviour and person-centred counselling works more with affect and emotion, their application needs to be based on individual context. Agras, W.S., et al., 2000. A multicentre comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, pp.459-466. Beck, A. T., et al., (1979).  Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press. British Association of Counselling Psychotherapy 2009. Ethical Framework for Good Practice in Counselling Psychotherapy. Available from: http://www.bacp.co.uk [cited 09 January 2010]. Chantler, K., 2004. Double-edged sword: power and person-centred counselling. In Moodley, R., Lago, C., and Talahite, A. eds. Carl Rogers counsels a black client. Herefordshire: PCCS Books. Coren, A., 2001. Short- Term Psychotherapy: A Psychodynamic Approach. Palgrave Publishers Ltd. Elliott, R. and Freire, B., 2008. Person-Centred Experiential Therapies Are Highly Effective: Summary of the 2008 Meta-analysis. http://www.bapca.co.uk/uploads/files/Meta-Summary091708.doc. [cited 09 January 2011]. Rogers, Carl.,1951. Client-centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable. Sussman, S., Sun, P., and Dent, C. W., 2006. A meta-analysis of teen cigarette smoking cessation. Health Psychology, 25(5), pp.549-557. Training and careers in counselling and psychotherapy (BACP) 2009. [online]. http://www.bacp.co.uk/admin/structure/files/pdf/811_t1.pdf [cited 09 January 2011]. Wilkins P.2003 Person-centred therapy in focus. London: SAGE publications Wilson, G.T., Grilo, C.M., and Vitousek, K.M. 2007. Psychological treatment of eating disorders. The  American Journal of Psychology, 62, pp.199-216. Wylie-Rosett., et al., 2001. Computerized weight loss intervention optimizes staff time. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 101, pp. 1155-1162.

Characters of Bless the Beasts and the Children :: essays research papers

Bless the Beasts and the Children is a book about six naà ¯ve, immature boys who are sent away from their parents to The Boys Canyon Boys Camp where they are known as the 'Bed Wetters' and are considered the outcasts. Glendon Swarthout uses symbolism to show weakness and vulnerability in the characters and to fulfill the purpose of the novel. The radios symbolize the fear that the boys experience, at the beginning of the novel each one of the bedwetters has their radio going full blast. They use the radios when they are scared, like at night before they go to sleep to comfort them. The boys are neglected by their parents and the radios make them feel that something is there for them when they are afraid because their parents never are. My first character is Lally 2, a quiet insecure eleven year old boy. His parents neglect him and his brother doesn?t care about him and he gets a feeling of hopelessness and loneliness. He has low self esteem because of his parents absence in his life, but he shows a lot of compassion to others. He turns to the Ooms, creatures in the sauna, for comfort, he feels that they are the only ones he can talk to and trust. When he is at camp, he runs away and takes his radio with him so that he doesn?t feel alone. My second character is Laurence Teft, a shy, scrawny defiant fourteen-year-old boy. Teft is overwhelmed by his parents high standards for him that he seems to almost always fail to meet. He feels as though he is always disappointing his parents and becomes very angry, then he expresses his frustration violently. He is starved for attention, even if it is negative attention, and breaks the rules to get it, his criminal behavior ends up helping the bedwetters in their scheme. My third character is Sammy Shecker, the son of a rich and famous New York comedian. Shecker is unsatisfied living in his father?s shadow and thinks that if he is funny like his father, he will be accepted amongst his peer, so he unsuccessfully tries to be humorous to hide his inner pain.

Kant Theory and Justice Essay

Immanuel Kant concerns himself with deontology, and as a deontologist, he believes that the rightness of an action depends in part on things other than the goodness of its consequences, and so, actions should be judged based on an intrinsic moral law that says whether the action is right or wrong – period. Kant introduced the Categorical Imperative which is the central philosophy of his theory of morality, and an understandable approach to this moral law. It is divided into three formulations. The first formulation of Kant’s Categorical Imperative states that one should â€Å"always act in such a way that the maxim of your action can be willed as a universal law of humanity†; an act is either right or wrong based on its ability to be universalized. This belief is part of the â€Å"universal law theory† and states that to determine if an action is essentially â€Å"good† or â€Å"bad,† one must essentially imagine a world in which everyone performed that same action constantly, and imagine if this would be a desirable world to live in. If not, then it is not okay to perform the action. He believes that this â€Å"universal law† lives within us; it is not something that is imposed on us from the outside. For example if one kills oneself out of self-love, it is logically contradictory because self-love refers to respect for one’s self as a rational being and rationality is based on objective (undistorted by emotion or personal bias). So, one can never justify suicide. The maxim of killing oneself cannot possibly exist as a universal law. The second formulation states that one must â€Å"treat humanity whether in thine own person or in that of any other, in every case as an end withal, never as means only. † For example, if I were to lie to a girl so that she would choose to go out with me then I, in effect, use her. Kant would say that I treated her as a means to achieve my end, and he specifically prohibits manipulating or deceiving a person for the purposes of achieving a personal end. According to Kant, only people are valuable as ends. Any action that disregards this is in clear violation of Kantian morality, and purports to reduce an individual’s autonomy; this consequently undermines a person’s rational capability and reduces him/her to a thing. This implies that if someone robs you and takes your wallet, he is treating you as a thing and not as a person. The third and last formulation requires that one sees oneself as the source of all moral law. This simply emphasizes the fact that the moral agent is the one who chooses to act morally. This third formulation tells us to imagine ourselves as the sole lawmaker in a society, and to choose the best possible set of laws that the society of rational beings would live by. Kant believes that we all have reason within us, but some choose to respond and act upon it while others do not. We can reason the way things ought to be, and based on that is how we should act, which explains Kant’s view that a moral action must be chosen through moral reason. For example, one does not cheat on a test because one’s reason tells him or her that it is wrong, not the consequences that follow if one gets caught. Another example is that we do not need the law to tell us not to steal because it is immoral; we simply have to access our ability to reason to rationalize this. In a world where each individual recognizes his/her moral dignity and freely chooses to adopt the same universalizable moral law, all actions become good. In opposition to the Categorical Imperative is Kant’s Hypothetical Imperative, which states that a particular action is necessary as a means to some purpose. Kant believes that these actions are not always moral because they are not performed out of â€Å"pure good will† (pure duty), which is the only thing in the world that is unambiguously good. In the case of the ethical credibility of the principles of affirmative action, Kant’s Categorical Imperative provides for the basis of approval. It is primarily out of a sense of duty that a society would seek to assist its struggling members who are in need of help. The action so far seems good, but we must test its universality. Can we imagine ourselves living in a world in which all societies seek to aid the underprivileged and the disadvantaged at the slight expense of others? Absolutely yes. It is important for one to bear in mind, however, that it is the very action of helping that is being judged as inherently good or bad, and not the action’s admirable or overbearing surrounding consequences. Secondly, we must test that the action is regarding everyone involved as ends and not as means to any particular purpose. Since the aim of affirmative action is to help the current predicaments of those people who were victimized in the past, focus is placed on respecting every individual’s autonomy. In this way, we can see that affirmative action is not a devious plan that seeks to manipulate, but one that seeks to compensate by adjusting the means (circumstances) and not the ends (individuals). Lastly, we must see if the action is establishing a universal law governing others in similar situations; one should behave as if one is the absolute moral authority of the universe. Is completing this action consistent with the application of moral law? If so, the affirmative action passes these three tests and the action is good. In his â€Å"Objections to Affirmative Action†, James Sterba talks about why he believes that Affirmative Action is morally wrong. He argues that a person’s race shouldn’t control his or her point of interest. Sterba argues that Affirmative Action leads to injustice and it is unfair to the white nonminority males because â€Å"it deprives them of equal opportunity by selecting or appointing women or minority candidates over more qualified nonminority male candidates. † He believes that the job of the government is to eliminate all kinds of discriminatory policies. He thinks that â€Å"alternative programs are preferable. † Thus, the government should instead promote equal opportunities through programs within agencies and departments instead of through Affirmative Action which he believes is a fancy word for discrimination. He argues that it is not fair to those who are more qualified for certain opportunities and cannot receive them either because they are not women or because they are not part of the minority. In his First Objection, he argues that Affirmative Action â€Å"is not required to compensate for unjust institutions in the distant past. † He talks about Morris’ argument that what occurred in the past is not the primary issue that puts all present-day African Americans at an unfair disadvantage; it is more about the issues of more recent origin. He makes a point that discrimination today could very well be the source of the disadvantaged disposition of African Americans and other minority groups, and it is certainly something that society could do without. The question remains that in attempting to â€Å"level the playing field† and eliminate present-day discrimination in America, is Affirmative Action a practical approach and should such a program be endorsed? The Fourth Objection goes on to say that Affirmative Action â€Å"hurts those who receive it† because in many ways the people benefitting from it would not see the need to work as hard, and it places â€Å"women and minorities in positions for which they are not qualified. † Sterba proposes that one of the solutions to this problem could be the installation education enhancement programs to compensate for any lack of skills. He believes that this will in a short time ensure that minorities are appropriately qualified for a position. In response to Sterba’s First Objection, Kant would agree that the rightness of Affirmative Action should be based upon the circumstances of the present situation and not what had occurred in the past; this is evident mainly through his a priori form of philosophical deductive reasoning that judges an action before the experience, or â€Å"in the moment. † However, Kant would disagree with Sterba’s Fourth Objection because in my opinion, Kant’s deontological theory correlates with the correctness of the affirmative action in its very aim toward helping â€Å"the right† people. Affirmative action has not significantly diminished gender, racial, and all other forms of discrimination, but the action has promoted equality and diversity to a large extent. In a world where everyone performs the â€Å"good will,† there is justice; and the installation of this program only serves to come closer to this justice. Discrimination is wrong because it violates a person’s basic and intrinsic moral rights. Thus, in itself the adoption of this program is an action that is good because without Affirmative Action it is true in many ways that minorities would remain at a disadvantaged position in the educational system and not be allowed the opportunity to exercise their true potential. Kant would argue that it is a duty out of â€Å"good will† to treat people equally. The concepts of equality and autonomy are emphasized in the nature of this program because it strives to treat everyone as a free person equal to everyone else. According to Kant, one should be treated as ends not as mere means. It can be argued that African Americans at a disadvantaged position were being treated as means by the dominant culture to achieve its own ends in the system. Discrimination cannot exist as a system of nature because those who discriminate would not want to be similarly discriminated against if things were reversed, and so Affirmative Action is justified because it aims to open the door of opportunities to those who have been oppressed for years. That being said, Kant would examine the action itself and not the consequences of the action. When making decisions, one has to put oneself into other people’s shoes and see if one wants to be treated the same way others have been treated; it is a duty to treat others as we ourselves want to be treated. Affirmative Action not necessarily needed in this society to reduce the inherent inequalities that are still existent, but it can certainly be used to assist in leveling the playing field. Affirmative Action has been successful on a short term basis, that is, in increasing the representation of minorities (including women) in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded. However, on the long term basis it can be argued that the program only serves to perpetuate a cycle of need. Kant advocates the idea of equality through his deontological theory by saying that all people deserve equal treatment as rational ends in themselves and that this should never be compromised by the flaws in any social system.

The Four Surviving Maya Codices

The Four Surviving Maya Codices The Maya - a powerful pre-Colombian civilization who reached their cultural zenith around 600-800 A.D. before falling into steep decline - were literate and had books, written in a complex language including pictograms, glyphs, and phonetic representations. A Maya book is referred to as a codex (plural: codices). The codices were painted onto a paper made of bark from the fig tree and folded out like an accordion. Unfortunately, zealous Spanish priests destroyed most of these codices during the conquest and colonial era and today only four examples survive. The four surviving Maya codices mostly contain information about Maya astronomy, astrology, religion, rituals, and Gods. All four of the Maya books were created after the downfall of the Maya civilization, proving that some vestiges of culture remained after the great city-states of the Maya Classic Period were abandoned. The Dresden Codex The most complete of the surviving Maya codices, the Dresden Codex came to the Royal Library in Dresden in 1739 after being purchased from a private collector in Vienna. It was drawn by no fewer than eight different scribes and it is believed that it was created sometime between 1000 and 1200 A.D. during the Postclassic Maya period. This  codex deals primarily with astronomy: days, calendars, good days for rituals, planting, prophecies, etc. There is also a part which deals with sickness and medicine. There are also some astronomical charts plotting the movements of the Sun and Venus. The Paris Codex The Paris Codex, discovered in 1859 in a dusty corner of the Paris library, is not a complete codex, but fragments of eleven double-sided pages. It is believed to date from the late Classic or Postclassic era of Maya history. There is much information in the codex: it is about Maya ceremonies, astronomy (including constellations), dates, historical information and descriptions of Maya Gods and spirits. The Madrid Codex For some reason, the Madrid Codex was separated into two parts after it reached Europe, and for a while was considered two different codices: it was put back together in 1888. Relatively poorly drawn, the codex is probably from the late Postclassic Period (circa 1400 A.D.) but may be from even later. As many as nine different scribes worked on the document. It is mostly about astronomy, astrology, and divination. It is of great interest to historians, as it contains information on Maya Gods and the rituals associated with the Maya New Year. There is some information about the different days of the year and the Gods associated with each. There is also a section on basic Maya activities such as hunting and making pottery. The Grolier Codex Not discovered until 1965, the Grolier Codex consists of eleven battered pages of what was likely once a larger book. Like the others, it deals with astrology, specifically Venus and its movements. Its authenticity has been questioned, but most experts seem to think it’s genuine. Sources Archaeology.org: Redating the Madrid Codex, by Angela M.H. Schuster, 1999. McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. New York: Norton, 2004.

Verbs Used With Electronics

Verbs Used With Electronics Today we live, work, eat and breath surrounded by gadgets. Gadgets can be defined as small devices and tools that we use to do a wide variety of tasks. Generally speaking, gadgets are electronics, but some gadgets such as a can opener are not. Today we have many mobile devices that are our favorite gadgets. There are many common verbs used to describe the actions we take with these devices. This article focuses on the proper verbs to express these actions for gadgets in the home, cars, computers, tablets, and smartphones. Lights Turn On/Turn Off The verbs turn on and turn off are the most common verbs used with a wide range of electronic devices including lights. Could you turn the lights on?Ill turn off the lights when I leave the house. Switch On/Switch Off As an alternative to turn on and turn off we use switch on and switch off especially for devices with buttons and switches. Let me switch on the lamp.Could you switch the lamp off? Dim/Brighten Sometimes we need to adjust the brightness of lights. In that case, use dim to reduce light or brighten to increase light. The lights too bright. Could you dim them?I cant read this newspaper. Can you brighten the lights? Turn Up/Down Turn up and turn down are also sometimes used with the same meaning as dim and brighten.   I cant read this very well could you turn up the lights?Lets turn down the lights, put on some jazz and get cozy. Music We all love music, dont we? Use start and stop with music devices such as stereos, cassette players, record players, etc. These verbs are also used when speaking about listening to music with popular music programs such as iTunes or apps on smartphones.   Start/Stop Click on the play icon to start listening.To stop replay just tap the play button again. Play/Pause Just click here to play the music.Click on the play icon a second time to pause music. We need to adjust volume as well. Use the verbs adjust, turn the volume up or down. Adjust the volume on the device by pressing these buttons.Press this button to turn the volume up, or this button to turn down the volume. Increase/Decrease/Reduce You can also use increase/decrease or reduce to speak about adjusting the volume: You can increase or decrease volume using the controls on the device.Could you please reduce the volume? Its too loud! Computers/Tablets/Smart Phones Finally, we all use a wide range of computers which can include laptops, desktop computers, tablets, and smartphones.  We can use the simple verbs turn and switch on and switch off with computers. Turn On/Switch On/Turn Off/Switch Off Could you turn on the computer?I want to switch off the computer before we leave. Boot and restart are terms that are often used to describe starting your computing device. Sometimes its necessary to restart a computing device when you install software to update the computer.   Boot (Up)/Shut Down/Restart Boot the computer and lets get to work!I need to restart the computer to install the software. Its also necessary to start and stop using programs on our computers. Use open and close: Open/Close Open Word on your computer and create a new document.Close a few programs and your computer will work better. Launch and exit are also used to describe starting and stopping programs. Launch/Exit Click on the icon to launch the program and get to work.In Windows, click on the X in the upper right-hand corner to exit the program. On the computer, we need to click and double click programs and files to use them: Click/Double Click   Click on any window to make it the active program.Double click on the icon to launch the program. On tablets and smartphones we tab and double tap: Tap/Double Tap Tap any app on your smartphone to open.Double tap the screen to see the data. Cars Start/Turn On/Turn Off Before we go anywhere, we need to start or turn on the engine. When were done, we turn off the engine. Start the car by placing the key in the ignition.Turn off the car by turning the key to the left.Turn on the car by pressing this button. Put, place and remove are used to more precisely how we start and stop our cars. Put the key into the ignition/remove the keyPlace the key into the ignition and start the car.After you have put the car in park, remove the key from the ignition. Driving the car involves using different gears. Use these verbs to describe the various steps. Put Into Drive/Gears/Reverse/Park   Once youve started the car, put the car into reverse the car out of the garage.Put the car into drive and step on the gas to accelerate.Change gears by depressing the clutch and shifting gears. Gadget Verbs Quiz Test your knowledge with the following quiz. The light is too bright. Could you _____ it?On your smartphone, _____ on any icon to open an app.To _____ your computer, press the on button.I cant hear the music. Could you _____ the volume _____?Reduce volume means to ______ volume._____ the key into the ignition and start the car.  _____ your car in that garage.To drive forward, _____ drive and step on the gas.Click on the icon to _____ Word for Windows.Click on the X in the upper right-hand corner to _____ the program.Do you _____ your computer before you go home every evening? Answers dim  tapboot (up)turn the volume  updecreasePutParkPut into  launchcloseboot down/turn off

Policy change memo Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policy change memo - Assignment Example e training division, I am proposing that the current policy of training customer service representatives for only one week after recruitment and placement be increased to two week to incorporate the need to discuss topics such as addressing complaints and techniques for conflict resolution. The one week training only discussed orienting new personnel on the policies and procedures of the organization, including codes of discipline and an overview of the customer service function. The need to extend the training for another week is crucial to assist them in communicating effectively to the customers in areas were conflicts and complaints need to be resolved. May I hereby forward this request for change of policy to be endorsed by you for proper approval by our CEO, Mr. John Smith. The approval of this change in training policy would be instrumental in improving productivity, performance and the corporate image of our organization. For your immediate evaluation and

Summary time,space, and the evolution of afro-america society Term Paper

Summary time,space, and the evolution of afro-america society - Term Paper Example Through the American Revolution, African cultures had been integrated into the Euro-American culture in the mid eighteenth century (46). The population of slaves ranged from 4-8 percent in different counties. Most Northern blacks worked in the countryside and a few labored in the rural industries. Iron masters were the largest employers of slaves in the industries and owned the largest number of slaves in the north. Most rural slaves worked in the farms tendering livestock and growing crops for export. These slaves lived on the farms and never worked in gangs (47). Some of the white farmers relied on indented servants to supplement farm labor since slaves were expensive. In trade centers, blacks worked as stock minders and herdsmen. Provisional trading required several slaves, which enabled them create a strong companionship compared to those working in the farms. Urban slaves worked as house servants and lived in back rooms, closets, and lofts (48). The interaction between the slaves and the white people led to a gradual cultural transformation. Those in the urban centers started participating in economic activities, and they adopted Christianity. New York slaves started acquiring property, while those in the rural areas continued living in poor